馬克思主義簡介：歷史唯物主義

普通話版

馬克思主義簡介：辯證唯物主義 https://youtu.be/mu3aj0ItAIM
馬克思主義簡介：歷史唯物主義 https://youtu.be/-GUVgjk1Fts

粵語版

馬克思主義簡介：辯證唯物主義 https://youtu.be/9EU6949PEqc
馬克思主義簡介：歷史唯物主義 https://youtu.be/kBb1SpovVX4

科學的意義某程度上在於發現規律，例如元素週期表，發現了元素之間的規律；而進化論，發現了生物進化的規律。規律不但可以解釋過去，也可以推演未來。馬克思運用辯證唯物主義，總結人類歷史的發展規律，稱為歷史唯物主義（Historical Materialism）。

歷史唯物主義認為：生產力決定生產關係，經濟基礎決定上層建築，是人類社會的基本發展規律。

第一、生產力決定生產關係。

馬克思認為，人類首先面對生存問題，需要衣食住行等必需品，然後才能從事科學、政治、藝術和宗教等活動。要獲得「生活必需品」就需要「生產」，在生產過程中，必然要使用工具、原料、技術、資本和能源等「生產資料」。

一個社會的生產力（productivity）由從事生產的人和「生產資料」結合起來，代表了生產效率。

狹義來說，「生產關係」（Relations of production）是人類在生產的過程當中，與其他人的關係。在資本主義社會中，資產階級擁有生產資料，無產階級沒有生產資料，只能付出自己的體力或腦力給資本家。廣義來説，生產關係除了生產，還可以放大到分配、交換和消費各個環節之中。

馬克思認為，按照辯證唯物主義中的對立統一規律和質量互變規律，生產力的增加決定了生產關係的變化。同時，生產關係可以反作用於生產力——先進的生產關係，會促進生產力的發展，落後的生產關係會阻礙生產力的發展。

以西方歷史為例，石器的生產力，產生了原始共產主義部落制的「生產關係」；金屬工具的出現，產生奴隸主和奴隸的「生產關係」；冶煉技術發展，促成封建領主和佃農的「生產關係」；蒸汽機等機器取代手工生產，產生了資本主義資本家和勞工的「生產關係」。生產關係每次的變革，都能夠帶來更加先進的生產力，對於生產資料的利用也更有效率。

按照否定之否定規律，資本主義是當時最先進的生產關係，對生產力的發展有推動作用。但資本主義會產生壟斷，存在週期性經濟危機，而資本家壓榨勞工導致階級鬥爭等因素不斷地累積，都會阻礙生產力的進一步發展；因此馬克思曾斷言，資本主義的發展，本身就包含自我毀滅的種子。

第二、經濟基礎決定上層建築。

經濟基礎指社會的生產方式，包括生產力和生產關係。上層建築指社會的政治和法律制度，以及文化、思想和哲學等等。

經濟基礎是先決因素，決定了上層建築的性質。上層建築也會對經濟基礎產生反作用，上層建築為經濟基礎提供政治上的保障，提供各種思潮供社會大眾遵循。當上層建築適合經濟基礎的時候，就起到鞏固的作用，當不適應的時候，就會產生負面的影響。

以「工業革命」為例，蒸汽機取代人力及畜力的生產力，大型工廠取代手工作坊，出現資本家與勞工的生產關係。經濟基礎變化，令國家形態、政治制度及社會思潮等上層建築，由封建主義轉向資本主義，最後導致資本主義取代封建皇權。

歷史唯物主義認為，在階級社會，社會的矛盾集中在階級鬥爭，不同的階級，對立統一，相互角力，是社會發展的直接動力。階級鬥爭的形式很多，以資本主義為例，大到爆發革命，小到最低工資多一元少一元，都是資本家和勞工鬥爭的結果。

一般認為，馬克思主義的哲學由兩個部分所組成，分別是「辯證唯物主義」及「歷史唯物主義」，構成其世界觀及方法論。

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Historical Materialism.

The significance of science lies, to some extent, in the discovery of laws or regularities. For example, the periodic table of elements reveals the laws governing elements, while the theory of evolution uncovers the laws of biological evolution. These laws not only explain the past but can also predict future developments. Marx applied dialectical materialism to summarize the laws of development in human history, a framework he termed "historical materialism."

Historical materialism posits that productive forces determine the relations of production, and the economic base determines the superstructure. These are the fundamental laws of development in human society.

First, productive forces determine the relations of production.

Marx believed that humans must first address the issue of survival, which requires basic necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, and transportation. Only after securing these necessities can humans engage in activities like science, politics, art, and religion. The acquisition of these necessities requires "production," which involves the use of tools, raw materials, technology, capital, and energy, collectively known as the "means of production."

The productive forces of a society are formed from the combination of labor and the means of production, representing the capacity for production.

In a narrow sense, the "relations of production" refer to the relationships among individuals during the production process. In a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie owns the means of production, while the proletariat does not and can only offer their physical or mental labor to capitalists. Broadly speaking, the relations of production encompass not only production but also extend to distribution, exchange, and consumption.

Marx argued that, according to the principles of dialectical materialism, the development of productive forces determines changes in the relations of production. At the same time, the relations of production can react upon the productive forces—advanced relations of production promote the development of productive forces, while backward relations of production hinder it.

For example, throughout Western history, the productive forces of stone tools gave rise to the relations of production in primitive communist tribes. The emergence of metal tools resulted in the relations of production between slave owners and slaves. The development of smelting technology led to the relations of production between feudal lords and tenant farmers. The replacement of manual production by machines like the steam engine led to the relations of production between capitalists and workers. Each transformation in the relations of production has led to more advanced productive forces and a more efficient utilization of the means of production.

According to the law of the negation of the negation, capitalism was the most advanced relations of production at the time, and it played a role in boosting productive forces. However, capitalism gives rise to monopolies and cyclical economic crises, while the exploitation of labor by capitalists and the intensification of class struggle collectively hinder the further development of productive forces. Therefore, Marx asserted that capitalism contains within itself the seeds of its own destruction.

Second, the economic base determines the superstructure.

The "economic base" refers to the mode of production in society, which includes productive forces and the relations of production. The "superstructure" encompasses the political and legal systems in society, as well as its culture, ideologies, and philosophies.

The economic base is the determining factor that shapes the nature of the superstructure. However, the superstructure also reacts upon the economic base. The superstructure provides political support for the economic base and promotes various ideologies to the public. When the superstructure aligns with the economic base, it reinforces it; when it does not, it exerts a negative influence.

Take the Industrial Revolution as an example. The steam engine replaced human and animal labor, and large factories replaced small manual workshops, leading to the relations of production between capitalists and workers. These changes in the economic base transformed the superstructure, including political systems and social ideologies, transitioning from feudalism to capitalism and ultimately replacing feudal authority with capitalism.

Historical materialism holds that in class societies, social contradictions are concentrated in class struggle. The opposition and struggle between different classes are the primary driving forces of social development. Class struggle manifests in various forms. In the case of capitalism, it ranges from large-scale revolutions to minor disputes over the minimum wage, all of which result from the struggle between capitalists and workers.

Marxist philosophy is generally understood to consist of two parts: dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Together, they form the worldview and methodology of Marxism.

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