馬克思主義簡介：辯證唯物主義

普通話版

馬克思主義簡介：辯證唯物主義 https://youtu.be/mu3aj0ItAIM
馬克思主義簡介：歷史唯物主義 https://youtu.be/-GUVgjk1Fts

粵語版

馬克思主義簡介：辯證唯物主義 https://youtu.be/9EU6949PEqc
馬克思主義簡介：歷史唯物主義 https://youtu.be/kBb1SpovVX4

要在短時間介紹什麼是馬克思主義，是一個巨大的挑戰。馬克思主義有很多相關著作、無數術語和公式。同時，馬克思主義的理論一環套一環，涉及哲學、社會科學、政治經濟學，甚至是你可以想像到的各方各面。

幸好，馬克思主義有幾個基本概念，這些基本概念並不複雜。

要了解馬克思主義，可以先由哲學部分入手。「辯證法」（dialectics）和「唯物主義」（materialism）是馬克思主義最基礎的哲學觀點。

「唯物主義」認為，世界由物質構成，客觀物質是決定性因素。人類的意識來自大腦，先有物質組成的大腦，受到各種感官刺激，再由大腦的物質活動產生意識。意識不能脫離大腦這個物質基礎而單獨存在，稱為「物質決定意識」。

與「唯物主義」相對的是「唯心主義」，認為「意識決定物質」，「唯心主義」的例子包括宗教和萬物有靈論（animism）。

唯物主義聽起來沒什麼破綻，但難以解釋事物的變化，因此馬克思在「唯物主義」的基礎上結合了「辯證法」。

辯證法認為，任何已知的事物都處於運動狀態（matter in motion），而事物和事物之間存在聯繫（interconnected）。換句話說，不存在「不變」的事物，也沒有孤立的事物。唯物辯證法當中，有三條基本規律：

第一、對立統一規律（The law of the unity and conflict of opposites）：認為運動中的事物之間形成對立、又相互統一的矛盾。對立指事物的反面。例如在力學上的「作用力」和「反作用力」，統一指正反兩面包含在同一系統中，當作用力消失，反作用力也不能存在。矛盾關係的發展，推動了事物的整體發展。

第二、質量互變規律（The law of the passage of quantitative changes into qualitative changes）：建立在對立統一之上，指「數量」或「運動」的變化，會導致事物的性質發生變化，例如大家常說的「劑量決定毒性」，人需要喝水，但喝太多水就會導致水中毒，水對人體有益還是有害，取決於水的數量。數量改變導致性質改變，既對立又統一。

第三、否定之否定規律（The law of the negation of the negation）：建立在前面的規律之上，事物發展過程中，會因為負面因素的累積而被否定，否定發展到一定階段，又會累積新的負面因素，進行否定之否定，形成一個週期，否定之否定是事物再度向對立方面發展的過程，事物會重複原本階段的特徵，但性質已經不同。這種規律在自然界、社會和思維都普遍存在。

以環境保護的概念為例——原始社會沒有空氣污染，但人類的平均壽命很短。工業化時期，工廠提供各種工業產品，大幅提高人類平均壽命，但工廠產生的空氣污染，又會阻礙人類平均壽命進一步提高。當生產力發展到一定階段，開始講求環保，減少空氣污染，依然既可以提供工業產品，又可以提高平均壽命。

第一次增加空氣污染，是對原始社會的否定；第二次減少空氣污染，是對傳統工業的否定。表面上看，原始社會和後工業化社會同樣是較少污染，但後工業化社會，並非回到原始社會，而是生產力大幅提高，產生新的生產方式。如果因為後工業化社會減少污染，就認為工業化本身不正確或走了冤枉路，無疑是倒果為因。

由以上的例子可見，「否定之否定」的規律是周而復始的進行，形成波浪式前進，螺旋式上升。對於馬克思主義者來說，沒有絕對的正確，也沒有絕對的錯誤，事物的性質要看具體的時間，地點等條件。

很多時候，哲學只能選擇同意或者不同意，不過馬克思哲學卻經常能在日常生活中找到根據。
一個最著名的例子是水，水的性質和分子運動的速度有關，在一般狀態下，0度時水會變成冰，100度會變成蒸汽；不同氣壓又會影響水的沸點，説明性質和環境密切相關。

又例如，牛頓第一定律（Law of inertia）認為，靜者恆靜，動者恆動，靜止的物體在沒有外力的情況下，會永遠靜止；運動的物體沒有外力阻止，就會永遠運動。我們之所以觀察不到永遠靜止和永遠運動的物體，是因為現實世界事物都處於互相影響，互相運動的狀態。

下一個環節，我們會介紹辯證唯物主義如何解釋人類社會，什麽是歷史唯物主義，生產力和生產關係，以及經濟基礎和上層建築等概念。

如果你喜歡我們的影片，希望你可以推薦給你的朋友，鼓勵我們繼續創作。

Introduction to Marxism: Dialectical Materialism

It is very challenging to introduce Marxism in a short period of time. There are countless writings, terms and formulas linked to Marxism. In addition, Marxist theory is linked to philosophy, social sciences, political economics, and many other disciplines that you can imagine.

Fortunately, there are a few basic concepts related to Marxism that are not complicated to explain.

To understand Marxism, we can begin from the philosophical aspects. Dialectics and materialism are the most fundamental philosophical views of Marxism.

"Materialism" is the belief that the world is made up of matter, and the objectivity of matter is a deciding factor.

Human consciousness originates from the brain, a material entity. As the brain is stimulated by our various senses, consciousness is generated from the activity of matter in the brain. Consciousness cannot exist independently of the brain's material foundation. In other words, "matter determines consciousness".

The opposite of "materialism" is "idealism", which holds that "consciousness determines matter". Examples of "idealism" include religion and animism.

Materialism may seem logically sound, but it alone cannot adequately explain the dynamic nature of change in reality. Therefore, Marx combined the concept of "dialectics" onto the basis of "materialism".

According to dialectics, all known matter is in a constant state motion, and different things are interconnected. In other words, there is no such thing as a "constant", nor is there anything that is completely isolated.

In dialectical materialism, there are three basic laws:

First, “the law of the unity and conflict of opposites”: meaning that all things in motion form an opposing and contradictory relationship with one another, based on each thing’s opposite characteristics. In physics, the concepts of “action” and “reaction” are an example of both positive and negative sides contained within the same system; as the force of action disappears, so too will the force of reaction. The development of contradictory relations promotes the overall development of things.

Second, “The law of the transformation of quantity into quality and vice versa”. Based on the unity of opposites, this law proposes that the increase in quantity or movement will lead to a fundamental change in the nature or quality of things.

For example, take the common saying, "The dose makes the poison". A person needs to drink water, but drinking too much water will lead to water poisoning. A change in quantity will lead to a change in quality, serving as a unity of opposites.

Third, “the law of the negation of the negation”. Based on the previous law, as a thing develops, it will be negated due to the accumulation of negative factors. As the negation reaches a certain stage, new negative factors will be accumulated, thus the negation itself is once again negated, resulting in a cyclical progression.

The negation of negation is the repeated development of things towards an opposing side. While it may repeat some characteristics present in its original stage, its actual nature would already be changed. This law is commonly demonstrated in both nature, society and philosophy.

Take the concept of environmental protection – primitive societies had no air pollution, but the average lifespan of a human is very short. During the industrial era, factories have provided a variety of products to greatly increase average lifespan, but the air pollution from factories will also limit any further increase of the average lifespan. As productivity develops to a certain stage where both environmental protection and the reduction of air pollution play a major role, factories can both provide industrial products and improve the average lifespan at the same time.

The beginning increase in air pollution is a negation of primitive society, while the following reduction in air pollution is a negation of traditional industry. On the surface, both the primitive and modern societies appear to be equally less polluted, but the post-industrial societies do not revert to a primitive state, and instead saw a dramatic increase in productivity, creating new modes of production.

To claim that reduced pollution in a post-industrial society proves industrialization was inherently misguided is to confuse cause and effect.

As seen from the above example, “the law of negation of the negation" forms a constant repeating pattern, creating a wave of progress while spiraling upward. For Marxists, nothing is absolutely right nor absolutely wrong, and the nature of things are dependent on a specific time, place and condition.

In many cases, people have to choose whether to agree or disagree with philosophical concepts, but the philosophies of Marxism are often grounded in everyday life.

One of the most famous examples is water, whose properties are related to the speed at which its molecules move. Under normal conditions, water turns into ice at 0 degrees, and steam at 100 degrees. A difference in air pressure will also affect the boiling point of water, which shows that its properties are closely related to the environment.

Another example is Newton's first law of motion, the law of inertia, which states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. The reason that we can't observe objects that are always at rest or in motion is because everything in the real world is constantly interacting and affecting with each other.

In the next segment, we'll explain how the concepts of dialectical materialism can be applied to human society and what historical materialism is, as well as the concepts of productive forces, relations of production, economic base, and superstructure.

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